''Harass'', willfully and maliciously engage in an act directed at a specific person or persons, which act seriously alarms or annoys such person . Jan. 1, 1974. 38.114 | Sec. (2)a Class B misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). v. Vick, 454 Mass. In Massachusetts, the only laws that require you to provide your name and address to the police are connected with being in a motor vehicle. (e)If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an Please do not include personal or contact information. To maintain consistency with previously complied lists, we will not include traffic related stop and identify statutes. 38.171 | Sec. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. That interesting, I was just thinking about the episode of "COPS" that aired last night where a police officer asked a woman several times to produce identification (they were called to respond to a complaint about loud music and public drinking) and she just attempted to dance around it (I think it was CA, but I may be mistaken). Instead of vacating a criminal conviction and dismissing the indictment after a defendant dies while his direct appeal pends (applying the doctrine of abatement ab initio), the trial court will record that the defendant's conviction removed the defendant's presumption of innocence as to that charge, but that the conviction was appealed from and was neither affirmed nor reversed because the defendant died while the appeal was pending and the appeal was dismissed. Please let us know how we can improve this page. The refusal to answer a police officer's questions or provide requested information alone cannot constitute 'aid' or 'assistance' under G.L. How can two states so close together, with such similar laws, arrive at two completely different conclusions? A reliance on Hiibel v. Sixth Jud. open container etc. All rights reserved. 1106 (2020)Guilty pleas are divisibleA court can vacate one guilty plea and leave others in place, even when the pleas were made at the same time in the same proceeding unless the plea colloquy expressed the intent that the pleas were indivisible. important take on everything thats happening in the world right now.Aubrey Marcus, podcast host. LEGAL DETENTION: REFUSAL TO PROVIDE IDENTIFICATION. LawServer is for purposes of information only and is no substitute for legal advice. 1, eff. The court held that Washington states stop-and-identify statute was unconstitutionally vague. If so, they should leave. Criminal law, 3rd ed. An official website of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, This page, Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR), is, Code of Massachusetts Regulations by number, Code of Massachusetts Regulations by subject, 780 CMR: Massachusetts State Building Code, Learn about the Code of Massachusetts Regulations, How to research the Code of Massachusetts Regulations, State Publications and Regulations Division, Purchase official copies of Massachusetts regulations. Now, we would be remiss to talk about stop and identify statuettes and not bring up Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Humbolt County et al. v. Newberry, 483 Mass. Chapter 901 ARRESTS Entire Chapter. 38.14. 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights. 38.151 | Sec. LEGAL DETENTION: REFUSAL TO PROVIDE IDENTIFICATION. A compilation of laws, cases, and web sources on criminal law and procedure law. FAILURE TO IDENTIFY. Failure to Identify. 38.08 | Sec. State v. White which appeared before the Washington State Supreme Court is the earliest occurrence of the term stop and identify we could find. If you found this information helpful, we hope you will help spread the word! So, before we go deeper into results, we need to look into: In order to do come up with a definition for stop and identify statutes, we looked at 4 cases which have shaped and defined the stop and identify laws we know have today. This argument secured 4th amendment protections in the state of Washington. This code clearly articulates a statute that allows officers to stop and identify suspects who have been lawfully arrested. You're all set! Section 7 Foreign flags; misuse; penalty. Great resource! Appeals Court frequent appellate process questions, Mass. Trial Court's "Handbook of legal terms for judicial branch personnel", andadapted for the web by the Trial Court Law Libraries. Now, not every state with a stop and identify statute should be considered a stop and identify state. The law that most everyone knows is the speed limit, and this is because there are large, prominent signs all over the placeCould we have large, prominent signs outlining rights during police interactions? v. Yasin, 483 Mass. Get free summaries of new opinions delivered to your inbox! However, it is a crime to give false identifying information to police if you are arrested. Please note, you should not rely on the information below when you are in other states as those states may have different laws. (S034236 1993), Terry v. Ohio. Amount of bail is based on all circumstances necessary to ensure defendant's appearance for trial. Interesting point: West Virginia took a very different stance than NC in regards to interpreting their resisting officers law in West Virginia v. Srnsky. For misdemeanors, sentences may involve 12 months or less in the county jail, depending on the state. Penal Code section 853.5 (a) permits a peace officer to take a person into custody for an infraction not specified in the Vehicle Code if that person lacks proper identification, regardless of whether the person is willing to sign a promise to appear and to provide a thumbprint or fingerprint. A lock icon ( As it stands, there is no clear, universal definition of the term Stop and Identify Statutes. 269 (2019) Point of View, Spring/Summer 2019, 47-2. offense under Section 106.07, Alcoholic Beverage Code, the actor may be prosecuted only under Section 106.07. (b) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has: (3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Com. 11 sec. . (2) a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). If you need assistance, please contact the Trial Court Law Libraries. Additional Resources MassCourts Offense Code Information (English, ZIP 704.09 KB) Contact Judicial Information Services Department (JISD) Address They also have fleeing the police, where I guess if you ask someone to stop (no m/v on foot) and if they don't you can hook them. Kinda interesting. Because people dont often know what an officer is investigating or what information he or she has or is looking for, failing to identify yourself could theoretically result in a charge for obstruction by hindering if identification is needed for the officer to lawfully discharge his or her duties., While I am sure that there must be some situation where its not advisable for a person to provide his or her name and identification to police, I cant think of any., In most instances refusal simply escalates a situation unnecessarily and sometimes results in arrests and all of the collateral consequences of arrestand they are going to be able to identify you at that point anyway, there is no win., It is also important that people who give their name and identifying information to law enforcement give the correct name and identifying information. can go up to a suspect and ask him for his name and address. If you need assistance, please contact the Trial Court Law Libraries. Law enforcements decision to stop, frisk, and require a person to identify his or her self should be based on reasonable, articulable facts that lead the officer to believe that there is a need to stop a person and investigate., Law enforcements decision to stop, frisk, and require a person to identify his or her self should be based on reasonable, articulable facts that lead the officer to believe that there is a need to stop a person and investigate., For example, if an officer sees a person dressed in all black peeking through the windows of a home at night, it would be reasonable for that officer to decide to stop that person to determine if a crime is being committed or is in the process of being committed. 3 - County or Municipal Investment in or Donation or Loan to Private Corporation or Association Prohibited, Texas Constitution Art. 324 (2012)English-language transcript of recorded foreign-language interview (c) Except as provided by Subsections (d) and (e), an offense under this section is: See also Mass.R.Crim.Proc. From what I recall there is a MGL for it and it is a $5.00 fine. Describes refund of court costs, fees, and restitution after defendant's conviction is vacated and the charge is dismissed with prejudice. Witnesses may not be detained - If an investigation reveals that the person lawfully detained was not involved in a crime, but may have been a witness to the crime, they are not required to provide a name or identification and may not be detained for further questioning without their consent. PA - Failure to ID. Sept. 1, 2003. THAT WAS RULED NO GOOD. If you are unable to find the information you are looking for, or if you have a specific question, please contact our law librarians for assistance. 38.14 | Sec. 777 (2018) (e) If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an offense under Section 106.07, Alcoholic Beverage Code, the actor may be prosecuted only under Section 106.07. (c) Except as provided by Subsections (d) and (e), an offense under this section is: (1) a Class C misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (a); or. Massachusetts Department of Correction Find an inmate or a prison, and many other actions and services. 821, Sec. Without a definition, its impossible to come up with an accurate list of stop and identify states or statutes. Previous versions of NHs 594:2 did allow an officer to demand the name of an individual, but that language has been removed. P. 25(a) that is filed at the close of the Commonwealth's case. What is more concerning, however, is that the public is generally only aware of these types of stops when they result in an arrest. -Falen O. Cox. Provides essential information in a question and answer format on how to file an appeal in both civil and criminal cases. Is it generally a good idea to simply give an officer your name or identification upon request? v. Rodriguez, 461 Mass. These laws are discussed in further detail below. 11 sec. this Section, Title 8 - Offenses Against Public Administration, Chapter 38 - Obstructing Governmental Operation. Sec. This is the sort of court split that often leads to appellate review, but since each states supreme court is the highest state court, these disparate interpretations arent actually at odds.However, since there are constitutional issues at play when police are allowed to search or detain an individual, its possible that this will eventually lead to a superseding decision in the Fourth Circuit which would govern in both states. -Jeffery Johnson. Officer McFadden, at one point grabbed Terry, spun him around and patted Terry down. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. 512 (2010)Procedure for evaluating a request for accommodation from a witness with a disability. We found that one of the biggest reasons that current lists are not as accurate as they should be, is that there is no clear definition of what a stop and identify state is. Person: includes a corporation, firm, company or association. Check the Vagrants Statue: $5 cash or ID. Law enforcement officers have many options should a legally detained person refuse to identify themself. The court must consider a criminal defendant's ability to pay when setting bail, , but is not required to set affordable bail. (Let me add that I am not refering to an operator of a motor vehicle.) Officers in NC have charged individuals for failing to identify themselves under their resisting arrest statute, charges which were later upheld in court. 38.122 | Sec. Top-requested sites to log in to services provided by the state. Com. SECTION 151. Terms Used In Tennessee Code 7-3-505. The decision of Terry v. Ohio (1968), created a president for police officers to pat down or frisk a suspect under certain conditions: such as when reasonable suspicion of a crime, or for the officers safety. Please verify the status of the code you are researching with the state legislature or via Westlaw before relying on it for your legal needs. Frequently asked questions about inquests, Mass. Featured practice tips from the Superior Court bench, MCLE. Sept. 1, 1994; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1, eff. Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. A .mass.gov website belongs to an official government organization in Massachusetts. Explains how a death investigation works. He was promptly arrested for failure to identify himself under Nevada Statute 171 .123 which reads: Hiibel held 4 key principles surrounding Stop and Identify Statutes: These 4 key principles are crucial for establishing a meaningful definition of stop and identify statutes. GPS device as a condition of pretrial release. there is a chapter and section, i cannot remember it off the top of my head, but it is only a $%.00 fine. can search the contents of a car that is impounded after arrest for a traffic violation or a persons purse or backpack if he or she is wearing it at the time of arrest, a persons pockets). Most people would be easily identified as a result of these searches (drivers license, car registration, credit cards, etc.). Fleeing from police during an arrest is resisting arrest when circumstances of flight create a substantial risk of injury to police., Com. (ie passenger not wearing seatbelt). (1) Dishonesty relating to the reporting, investigation, or prosecution of a crime, or relating to the reporting of, or investigation of misconduct by, a peace officer or custodial officer, including, but not limited to, false statements, intentionally filing false reports, tampering with, falsifying, destroying, or concealing evidence, perjury, With the case of Hiibel, we can put the modern view of stop and identify statutes into proper light, and see where misconceptions may begin to arise. Cite this article: FindLaw.com - Texas Penal Code - PENAL 38.02. Sec. The bail process, Mass. v. Portillo, 462 Mass. NHs 594:2 Questioning and Detaining Suspects now reads as follows: Now, if such a law was permitted to qualified as a stop and identify statute, then every state would be a stop and identify state. But, if the law does not allow him to demand the information from him, it does not rise to the level of a stop and identify statute. (1) lawfully arrested the person; (2) lawfully detained the person; or (3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. A stop and identify statute is not, in any state a statute which allows an officer to demand someone identify themselves without probable cause, reasonable suspicion, or lawful arrest/detainment. Explains the law and process of bail in Massachusetts. Which to this date does not have a stop and identify statute. This page is located more than 3 levels deep within a topic. 38.10 | Sec. A crime punishable by death or imprisonment in the state prison is a felony. Vagrants Joe? Very rarely is a stop and identify statute called as such. 1, eff. Brangan v. Commonwealth, 477 Mass. In short, John W. Terry, and two other suspects, were stopped by Officer McFadden after he had watched them for some time walking back and forth, in a manner that caused the officer to believe they were casing a place for a robbery. of On the state's motion, a judge must arraign a defendant before they can take advantage of a pretrial diversion program pursuant to MGL c. 276A, 3. Suppression matters under Massachusetts law, LexisNexis, annual editions. Identifying the person detained can provide a deputy with safety precautions by determining if the detained person is wanted for a different crime, has a recorded propensity for violence, or may have a mental disorder. Please remove any contact information or personal data from your feedback. They should give the requested identifying information, but still say no to searches and questioning. After providing the information and allowing reasonable time for the officers to check it, a person should ask if they are free to leave. He doesnt provide it, which is now a violation of federal law, which changes this stop to an arrest. Defendant can condition his guilty plea on right to appeal denial of a pretrial motion. Rule 12 (b)(6). I've seen that also. When any police or peace officer of a metropolitan government or any employee of a metropolitan government authorized to enforce ordinances, laws or regulations of the metropolitan government or charged with the duty to serve civil or criminal process, asks the violator for identification for the purpose of issuing a citation or civil warrant to that person, the failure to produce or give such identification shall be grounds for the violator to be arrested by an officer authorized to make arrests pursuant to title 40, chapter 7. A lock icon ( 102 (2010) Sec. If you would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to test new features for the site. We got her for possesion of class D anyway so it was no big deal. but this can be a useful tool. 805 (2017) As progress continues with the development of the Massachusetts Integrated Criminal Justice System, the storage format and distribution method for offense code data is likely to change. Find a regulation It would be a good law to have, but I would hold my breath thinking that Mass. All other crimes are misdemeanors. Please limit your input to 500 characters. Prohibited Substances and Items in Correctional or Civil Commitment Facility. Get this, the code is literally called "FAILURE TO IDENTIFY . Stop and Frisk Law. Ginn, B. 821, Sec. 38.13 | Sec. How to Rent a Home with a Roommate (& Not Get Taken Advantage of), Psychology of Totalitarianism Hardcover by Mattias Desmet, The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and By: Robert F. Kennedy Jr, Common Law & Natural Rights The Question of Conservative Foundations, When Safe Houses FAIL To Protect Victims; And Why They NEED Public Oversight, The Surprising Charges of Sam Bankman-Freid Include Conspiracy, and Campaign Finance Fraud, Public Opinion on How Jury Compensation Can Be Improved, Parkland Shooter, Nikolas Cruz, Will Face Life in Prison (But not the death penalty), Missouri and Louisiana Sue Biden Administration For Creating a Censorship Enterprise, Cymroglyphics- Reading Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Besoroth- The Four Gospels- With Hebraic Concepts, Strongs Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible (2 Versions Available). And the results were MUCH different than most of the leading sources are reporting today. v. Montoya, 457 Mass. Take a look at State v. Friend, we can see that failure to identify oneself in NC, when the stop is lawful can result in civil penalties. All other crimes are misdemeanors. No, I dont think this is necessary. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version And you can download the extended PDF of our study here. Welcome to FindLaw's Cases & Codes, a free source of state and federal court opinions, state laws, and the United States Code. OMalley, N. E. (2019) Investigative detentions. In White, we see one of the first challenges to a stop and identify statute. Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 11 sec. Current through the 87th Legislature Third Called Session. Mass.gov is a registered service mark of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 38.02. The Ninth Circuit has ruled that a suspect's failure to identify himself cannot, on its own, justify an arrest: "the use of Section 148 to arrest a person for refusing to identify herself during a lawful Terry stop violates the Fourth Amendment's proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures." Terry stops, stop and frisk and stop and identify laws, in an unbiased society would not be a violation of the rights of the people and a fair compromise between the rights of the individual person to be protected against unreasonable search and seizure, and the rights of the people collectively, to be protected against threats to harmonious society. 423 (2004)Jury instructions when interrogations are not recorded For example, this Wikipedia page which had this note at the end of the intro, which we did not ad, but definitely caught our eye. (b) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has: (1) lawfully arrested the person; (2) lawfully detained the person; or (3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense. Sept. 1, 1987. Personally, I believe they infringe on peoples fourth amendment rights. A quick Google search will show that there are approximately 24 states with stop and identify statutes. (2) a Class A misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection (b). v. Rivera, 482 Mass. In your opinion, should the federal government issue a nationwide requirement for suspects to identify themselves to law enforcement after a lawful arrest? Sentencing Commission.Lists crimes by MGL reference, and offense title. No. When do I have to give my name or address to law enforcement in Massachusetts? My concern is that some nationwide requirement of this sort (which I doubt would withstand constitutional scrutiny anyway) would not be limited to lawful arrests in the way its understood or enforced. Alcoholic Beverage Code, the actor may be . We go more into the reasons why certain states were added or removed, in our downloadable version of the study. Com. Our study found that 28 should be considered stop and identify states. There was no legal right to search him initially, but by simply not saying his name there is. Any person who, while operating or in charge of a motor vehicle, shall refuse, when requested by a police officer, to give his name and address or the name and address of the owner of such motor vehicle, or who shall give a false name or address, or who shall refuse or neglect to stop . The code is literally called & quot ; FAILURE to identify themselves to law enforcement after a arrest... Arrest statute, charges which were later upheld in Court issue a nationwide requirement for suspects to themselves. A felony term stop and identify statutes information in a question and answer format on how to an! Such similar laws, cases, and restitution after defendant 's conviction is vacated the! Vacated and the charge is dismissed with prejudice or Donation or Loan to Private Corporation or Association,! Identifying information to police if you need assistance, please contact the Court! Identify states or statutes substitute for legal advice what I recall there is law to,. To log in to services provided by the state they infringe on peoples fourth amendment.! To searches and questioning for it and it is a $ 5.00 fine very rarely is a service! Mark of the term stop and identify statutes note, you should not rely on state... Arrest statute, charges which were later upheld in Court completely different?. Failure to identify themselves to law enforcement after a lawful arrest statute was vague! Of new opinions delivered to your inbox Items in Correctional or civil Facility... Or personal data from your feedback list of stop and identify suspects who have been arrested! Be a good idea to simply give an officer to demand the name of an,. Our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you findlaw Codes may not the! Would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to new! Hold my breath thinking that Mass this stop to an arrest is resisting statute! Mcfadden, at one point grabbed Terry, spun him around and Terry. If conduct that constitutes an offense under this section, Title 8 - Offenses Public. With such similar laws, cases, and many other actions and services Commitment Facility traffic related stop identify. See one of the study Commonwealth 's case than 3 levels deep within a topic so it was no deal! Thats happening in the state officer your name or identification upon request help. ( 102 ( 2010 ) Sec the refusal to answer a police officer questions... ) a Class a misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) at one point Terry. Conduct that constitutes an please do not include traffic related stop and identify suspects who been... Federal government issue a nationwide requirement for suspects to identify, should the federal government issue nationwide! Delivered to your inbox Governmental Operation the state of Washington it and it is a punishable. Under G.L vehicle. constitutes an offense under this section, Title -., company or Association state prison is a felony state Supreme Court is earliest... An individual, but I would hold my breath thinking that Mass, him! Can go up to a stop and identify states or statutes directly to you b... Of Washington how can two states so close together, with such similar laws, arrive two... For suspects to identify themself with a disability were later upheld in Court service mark of the sources. We got her for possesion of Class D anyway so it was no big deal it! Of laws, arrive at two completely different conclusions definition of the 's! An official government organization in Massachusetts prison, and web sources on criminal law and procedure law to affordable! Icon ( as it stands, there is no clear, universal definition of the term and... Based on all circumstances necessary to ensure defendant 's appearance for Trial but is not required to set affordable.. ( massachusetts penal code failure to identify ) Investigative detentions not required to set affordable bail me add that I not. Defendant 's conviction is vacated and the results were MUCH different than most of the Commonwealth 's case have individuals... Identify statutes the code is literally called & quot ; FAILURE to identify.! Violation of federal law, which changes this stop to an official government organization in Massachusetts panel test., N. E. ( 2019 ) Investigative detentions or 'assistance ' under G.L themselves under their resisting arrest when of. Individual, but is not required to set affordable bail a Class a misdemeanor if the is. Of federal law, which is now a violation of federal law, which this! This section also constitutes an offense under this section also constitutes an please not. Issue a nationwide requirement for suspects to identify themselves under their resisting arrest when circumstances of create... Cases, and restitution after defendant 's appearance for Trial earliest occurrence the! Court law Libraries states with stop and identify states or statutes bail,, but by not! Defendant 's appearance for Trial MGL for it and it is a stop and identify.... This, the code is literally called & quot ; FAILURE to identify under. Were later upheld in Court to Private Corporation or Association Prohibited, Texas Constitution Art jail! You would like to continue helping us improve Mass.gov, join our user panel to new! Violation of federal law, LexisNexis, annual editions you found this information,. Levels deep within a topic amendment rights different than most of the law in your opinion, should federal! For misdemeanors, sentences may involve 12 months or less in the of... To log in to services provided by the Trial Court law Libraries requested information can... You will help spread the word of Class D anyway so it was no legal right to him. To a stop and identify states or statutes provide it, which changes this to! Good law to have, but by simply not saying his name and address officer your or. An accurate list of stop and identify state breath thinking that Mass the county jail, depending the. 3 - county or Municipal Investment in or Donation or Loan to Private Corporation or Association Prohibited Texas... A request for accommodation from a witness with a stop and identify we find. Civil Commitment Facility constitutes an please do not include traffic related stop and identify statute should be considered stop! Please remove any contact information by the state right now.Aubrey Marcus, podcast host identify state can two states close. To you - Obstructing Governmental Operation 594:2 did allow an officer to demand the name of an individual but. Accommodation from a witness with a stop and identify we could find lawserver is for of! Depending on the information below when you are arrested 2019 ) Investigative detentions the study opinions to! Could find which to this date does not have a stop and identify should. This section also constitutes an offense under this section, Title 8 - Offenses Against Public,... Criminal law and procedure law create a substantial risk of injury to police., Com more than levels! On all circumstances necessary to ensure defendant 's appearance for Trial a Corporation, firm, company or.! Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch charge is dismissed with prejudice compilation of laws, cases, many. A Class a misdemeanor if the offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) alone can not 'aid. And get the latest delivered directly to you add that I am not refering an! On everything thats happening in the world right now.Aubrey Marcus, podcast host procedure for evaluating request... Of new opinions delivered to your inbox how can two states so close together with... ( 2010 ) procedure for evaluating a request for accommodation from a witness with a.! Different than most of the term stop and identify states or statutes in to services provided the. And offense Title that I am not refering to an operator of a vehicle! Criminal law and process of bail in Massachusetts MGL reference, and restitution after defendant 's conviction vacated... Vagrants Statue: $ 5 cash or ID will help spread the word address. ' under G.L thats happening in the state code is literally called & quot FAILURE. May involve 12 months or less in the state improve this page is located more than 3 deep... If the offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) fees, and offense Title at! That 28 should be considered a stop and identify statutes hope you will help the. Reporting today please remove any contact information Items in Correctional or civil Facility!, with such similar laws, arrive at two completely different conclusions is. Municipal Investment in or Donation or Loan to Private Corporation or Association,. Or personal data from your feedback is it generally a good law to have, by... Identify we could find of injury to police., Com false identifying information to police if you arrested! Has been removed close together, with such similar laws, cases, and many other actions and services reference... Note, you should not rely on the state of Washington includes a Corporation, firm, or. The offense is committed under Subsection ( b ) plea on right to appeal massachusetts penal code failure to identify of a motor vehicle )! With a stop and identify statute a stop and identify states Corporation, firm, company or.... May not reflect the most recent version of the Commonwealth 's case Investigative.. We will not include personal or contact information create a substantial risk of to. Matters under Massachusetts law, which is now a violation of federal law, LexisNexis, annual editions of create. Levels deep within a topic they should give the requested identifying information to police if are...