J. Biotechnol. Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . 72, 310316. Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. A. Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). Generalized Transduction. Application of a statistical design to the optimization of culture medium for -amylase production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 grown on orange waste powder. Glucoamylase is one of the oldest and widely used biocatalysts in food industry. Pak. 1, 49. doi: 10.1081/AL-200065793, Reed, S. G., Bertholet, S., Coler, R. N., and Friede, M. (2009). Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individuals genomic sequence. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. Microbiol. Exatas Tecnol. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. Technol. Symbiotic microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria develop activities that can improve plant fitness, facilitating nutrient acquisition by the plant. Evaluation of an FIA operated amperometric bacterial biosensor, based on Pseudomonas putida F1 for the detection of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These are most frequently used against leaf caterpillars in greenhouses or other places where the humidity is relatively high (Sarwar, 2015b). Health 79, 320328. 5, 953965. Applications of Microbial genetics include in medicine, veterinary, agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industries. Microbial biosynthetic pathways have been explored mainly because they can enzymatically convert inexpensive precursors, such as glucose or glycerol, into expensive aromatic compounds. A short history of vaccination, in Vaccines, eds S. A. Plotkin and W. A. Orenstein (Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier), 116. Technol. The metabolic engineering of molecules from microorganisms has been stimulated mainly by the need for new functional biomaterials in emerging drugs (nanostructured or not) (Vzquez and Villaverde, 2013). doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90152-6. 52, 289297. LWT Food Sci. Crop Prot. Mosquitoes containing the Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain showed an approximately 50% reduction of the survival of females compared to mosquitoes without the strain (McMeniman et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70389-X, Knuf, M., Kowalzik, F., and Kieninger, D. (2011). 26, 87107. Biotechnol. Sarwar, M. (2015b). The main applications of fungi, bacteria, and viruses for obtaining new or improved products. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2015.05.309, Walder, F., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Courty, P.-E. (2016). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Rev. (2016). Qum. Pharm. Rev. Polym. Med. B. burgdorferi is not easily cultured in the laboratory, and the initial symptoms can be very mild and resemble those of many other diseases. 60:29630. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29630, Moon, H. G., Jang, Y.-S., Cho, C., Lee, J., Binkley, R., and Lee, S. Y. 82, 233247. Front. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. 30, 2332. (1988). Adv. Plant Prot. Sandeep, V., Parveen, J., and Chauhan, P. (2016). In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Designing tomorrows vaccines. Eng. The focus of campaigns in developing countries has been on women who are not yet sexually active, although being sexually active does not contraindicate the vaccine, which can be tetravalent (protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18) or bivalent (protects against types 16 and 18). Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. Technol. J. Appl. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Trends Food Sci. Biotechnol. Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. These antibodies have also been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. (2015). How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. Vaccin. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.016, Hassen, A., Belguith, K., Jedidi, N., Cherif, A., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A. (2000). Akay, G., Erhan, E., Keskinler, B., and Algur, O. F. (2002). Technological Microbiology, however, started to draw the attention of the market when products originating from microbial activity began to be required on an industrial scale. Agarose bioplastic-based drug delivery system for surgical and wound dressings. Production of a human calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption. Int. Environ. Genetic Engineering: Application # 1. Res. doi: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0200, Carrero-Carrn, I., Trapero-Casas, J. L., Olivares-Garca, C., Monte, E., Hermosa, R., and Jimnez-Daz, R. M. (2016). In the future, the microbiological processes for obtaining a variety of organic acids are expected to will be competitive, become established in the market, and allow for an annual increase in the production of these compounds. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Adham, N. Z. doi: 10.1038/nri1837, Castelle, C. J., Wrighton, K. C., Thomas, B. C., Hug, L. A., Brown, C. T., Wilkins, M. J., et al. This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). 47, 5163. (2006). However, production in yeasts, such as S. cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, is generally required when the target protein cannot be produced in a soluble form in a prokaryotic system, when it is rich in disulfide bonds, or when a specific PTM, essential for the biological activity of the protein, cannot be artificially created from the purified product (Jenkins, 2007; Demain and Vaishnav, 2009). Nova 38, 957971. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. Anal. Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. (2016). 37, 615636. Biol. Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Adv. These double-stranded RNAs are bound to DICER, an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA into short molecules (approximately 20 nucleotides long). These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . Appl. Unusual biology across a group comprising more than 15% of domain Bacteria. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. Biotechnol. An important family of biomaterials includes the bioplastics. Bioplastics are polyesters that accumulate intracellularly in microorganisms in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics. (2016). Kinetic study on the removal of toxic phenol and chlorophenol from waste water by horseradish peroxidise. Ahmad, S., Abbas, S. S., Prakash, R., Alam, A., and Husain, M. A. Biocontrol. The species Cupriavidus necator is one of those responding more favorably to the conditions for industrial production. MAbs 8, 99112. Cyclopeptide scaffolds in carbohydrate-based synthetic vaccines. aeschynomene can induce symptoms of anthracnose in Aeschynomene virginica, thus controlling this legume, which is a rice and soybean weed. Microb. (2011). The other insertion pathways with potential applications in humans include (1) bioballistics, which requires further technical enhancement for use in humans (Fynan et al., 1993; Brouillette et al., 2016); (2) intradermal needleless administration of the DNA plasmid: in tests conducted with non-human primates, these intradermal needleless devices did not increase immunogenicity compared to conventional syringes (Rao et al., 2006); (3) intradermal tattoo, in which the DNA plasmid is delivered to the epidermal layer using thousands of injections; and (4) through the mucosa, which simulates the entry of pathogens by this route. 37, 815. A safe potential juice clarifying pectinase from Trichoderma viride EF-8 utilizing Egyptian onion skins. When females without Wolbachia mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die. The discovery of biological enantioselectivity: louis Pasteur and the fermentation of tartaric acid, 1857-A review and analysis 150 yr later. Nucleic Acid Res. doi: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14785, Becker, P. D., Noerder, M., and Guzmn, C. A. The endotoxin proteins Cry and Cyt are currently best known as pesticides. Rev. Future challenges such as finding new ways to combat disease, reduce pollution and feed the world's population. (2012). Evaluation of some botanicals and Trichoderma harzianum against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chit wood) in tomato. In modern biorefineries, renewable resources such as biomass or waste products are converted into substrates susceptible to microbial action (Sauer, 2016), and thus, interest in bio-based chemicals has recently been renewed because increasing climate change and environmental problems have pushed the industry, moving it away from fossil fuel consumption and toward renewable raw materials (Moon et al., 2016). Reverse genetics uses the opposite approach, starting with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces. Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). (2010). A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. (1988). Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology. Its outstanding applications in the field of food microbiology, medical microbiology, industrial microbiology, soil microbiology, water and wastewater microbiology, microbial technology (biotechnology), extraction of metals and environmental microbiology including the use of microorganisms as biosensors is as given below. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. Optimization of fermentation media for xanthan gum production from Xanthomonas campestris using response surface methodology and artificial neural network techniques. Pest Manag. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. This virus has been frequently linked to cases of cervical cancer, with types 16 and 18 accounting for approximately 70% of cases (Cutts et al., 2007). Adv. Bull. Comparison between the possibilities generated by Classical Microbiology and Technological Microbiology, where the incorporation of techniques has led to market novelties, as well as to the improvement of commonly used products and services. Biotechnol. Microb. Vaccines. FEMS Microbiol. Lipases microbianas: produo, propriedades e aplicaes biotecnolgicas. Microbiol. Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. Enzyme Microb. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.022, Gawkowski, D., and Chikindas, M. L. (2016). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). Over time, the selection of improved microbial strains became frequent, as did the manipulation of other microorganisms to obtain products to meet human demands, and as a result, Technological Microbiology has become a science essentially applied to several branches of production, including food, chemical, agricultural, and pharmacological. Salman, T., Kamal, M., Ahmed, M., Siddiqa, S. M., Khan, R. A., and Hassan, A. For example, a vaccine for hepatitis B is created by inserting a gene encoding a hepatitis B surface protein into a yeast; the yeast then produces this protein, which the human immune system recognizes as an antigen. RNA interference of specific genes results from the base pairing of short, single-stranded antisense RNA molecules to regions within complementary mRNA molecules, preventing protein synthesis. One hundred years of clostridial butanol fermentation. Inamuddin (New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group), 163176. However, in addition to yeast genetic improvements, the prospection of new cellulose sources, such as forestry and crop residues (eucalyptus bark, corn, and rice husks), and the development of pretreatment techniques (e.g., McIntosh et al., 2016) can leverage the production of second-generation ethanol. Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. To guarantee this transmission, the bacterium manipulates its host in diverse ways such as feminization, death of males, parthenogenesis, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Researchers are currently developing techniques to mimic the natural process of RNA interference as a way to treat viral infections in eukaryotic cells. (2008). Z., Lima, V. M. G., Giese, E. C., Dekker, R. F. H., and Barbosa, A. M. (2011). Sci. (2011). 120, 15741584. 128, 196202. (2016). Srup, S., Benn, C. S., Poulsen, A., Krause, T., Aaby, P., and Ravn, H. (2014). Thus, biotechnological alternatives have been developed to circumvent the problem of the low rate of discovery of new antibiotic molecules. Adv. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). Extracellular production of tellurium nanoparticles by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. (2014). There are many types of microbial enzymes used in the dairy industry, such as catalase, aminopeptidase, proteases, lactoperoxidase, lipases, transglutaminase, etc. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Over thousands of years, modernization could be predicted for the use of microorganisms in the production of foods and beverages. Isolation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a novel endophytic taxol-producing fungus from the leaves of a medicinal plant, Justicia gendarussa. The participation of microorganisms in the generation of medical products or services involves four distinct aspects: (1) biocontrol of diseases, (2) production of vaccines, (3) production of antibiotics, and (4) production of biotherapeutics (hormones, biomaterials, and others). Because Kaylas symptoms were persistent and serious enough to interfere with daily activities, Kaylas physician decided to order some laboratory tests. J. Toxicol. The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity is confounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. Inactivated vaccines are currently available for hepatitis A, rabies, cholera, influenza, poliomyelitis (Salk), typhoid fever, and pertussis. 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